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class="documentwrapper">203 <div class="bodywrapper">204 <div class="body" role="main">205 206 <section id="generic-operating-system-services">207<span id="allos"></span><h1>Generic Operating System Services<a class="headerlink" href="#generic-operating-system-services" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>208<p>The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system209features that are available on (almost) all operating systems, such as files and210a clock. The interfaces are generally modeled after the Unix or C interfaces,211but they are available on most other systems as well. Here’s an overview:</p>212<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">213<ul>214<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code> — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a><ul>215<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-names-command-line-arguments-and-environment-variables">File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables</a></li>216<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#python-utf-8-mode">Python UTF-8 Mode</a></li>217<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#process-parameters">Process Parameters</a></li>218<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-object-creation">File Object Creation</a></li>219<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-descriptor-operations">File Descriptor Operations</a><ul>220<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#querying-the-size-of-a-terminal">Querying the size of a terminal</a></li>221<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#inheritance-of-file-descriptors">Inheritance of File Descriptors</a></li>222</ul>223</li>224<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#files-and-directories">Files and Directories</a><ul>225<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#timer-file-descriptors">Timer File Descriptors</a></li>226<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#linux-extended-attributes">Linux extended attributes</a></li>227</ul>228</li>229<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#process-management">Process Management</a></li>230<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#interface-to-the-scheduler">Interface to the scheduler</a></li>231<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#miscellaneous-system-information">Miscellaneous System Information</a></li>232<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#random-numbers">Random numbers</a></li>233</ul>234</li>235<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io</span></code> — Core tools for working with streams</a><ul>236<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#overview">Overview</a><ul>237<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#text-i-o">Text I/O</a></li>238<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#binary-i-o">Binary I/O</a></li>239<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#raw-i-o">Raw I/O</a></li>240</ul>241</li>242<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#text-encoding">Text Encoding</a><ul>243<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#opt-in-encodingwarning">Opt-in EncodingWarning</a></li>244</ul>245</li>246<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#high-level-module-interface">High-level Module Interface</a></li>247<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#class-hierarchy">Class hierarchy</a><ul>248<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#i-o-base-classes">I/O Base Classes</a></li>249<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#raw-file-i-o">Raw File I/O</a></li>250<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#buffered-streams">Buffered Streams</a></li>251<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#id1">Text I/O</a></li>252</ul>253</li>254<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#static-typing">Static Typing</a></li>255<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#performance">Performance</a><ul>256<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#id2">Binary I/O</a></li>257<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#id3">Text I/O</a></li>258<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#multi-threading">Multi-threading</a></li>259<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#reentrancy">Reentrancy</a></li>260</ul>261</li>262</ul>263</li>264<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code> — Time access and conversions</a><ul>265<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html#functions">Functions</a></li>266<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html#clock-id-constants">Clock ID Constants</a></li>267<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html#timezone-constants">Timezone Constants</a></li>268</ul>269</li>270<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging</span></code> — Logging facility for Python</a><ul>271<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logger-objects">Logger Objects</a></li>272<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logging-levels">Logging Levels</a></li>273<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#handler-objects">Handler Objects</a></li>274<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#formatter-objects">Formatter Objects</a></li>275<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#filter-objects">Filter Objects</a></li>276<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logrecord-objects">LogRecord Objects</a></li>277<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logrecord-attributes">LogRecord attributes</a></li>278<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#loggeradapter-objects">LoggerAdapter Objects</a></li>279<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#thread-safety">Thread Safety</a></li>280<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#module-level-functions">Module-Level Functions</a></li>281<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#module-level-attributes">Module-Level Attributes</a></li>282<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#integration-with-the-warnings-module">Integration with the warnings module</a></li>283</ul>284</li>285<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.config</span></code> — Logging configuration</a><ul>286<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-functions">Configuration functions</a></li>287<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#security-considerations">Security considerations</a></li>288<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema">Configuration dictionary schema</a><ul>289<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#dictionary-schema-details">Dictionary Schema Details</a></li>290<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#incremental-configuration">Incremental Configuration</a></li>291<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#object-connections">Object connections</a></li>292<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#user-defined-objects">User-defined objects</a></li>293<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#handler-configuration-order">Handler configuration order</a></li>294<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#access-to-external-objects">Access to external objects</a></li>295<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#access-to-internal-objects">Access to internal objects</a></li>296<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#import-resolution-and-custom-importers">Import resolution and custom importers</a></li>297<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuring-queuehandler-and-queuelistener">Configuring QueueHandler and QueueListener</a></li>298</ul>299</li>300<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-file-format">Configuration file format</a></li>301</ul>302</li>303<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.handlers</span></code> — Logging handlers</a><ul>304<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#streamhandler">StreamHandler</a></li>305<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#filehandler">FileHandler</a></li>306<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#nullhandler">NullHandler</a></li>307<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#watchedfilehandler">WatchedFileHandler</a></li>308<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#baserotatinghandler">BaseRotatingHandler</a></li>309<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#rotatingfilehandler">RotatingFileHandler</a></li>310<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#timedrotatingfilehandler">TimedRotatingFileHandler</a></li>311<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#sockethandler">SocketHandler</a></li>312<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#datagramhandler">DatagramHandler</a></li>313<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#sysloghandler">SysLogHandler</a></li>314<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#nteventloghandler">NTEventLogHandler</a></li>315<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#smtphandler">SMTPHandler</a></li>316<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#memoryhandler">MemoryHandler</a></li>317<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#httphandler">HTTPHandler</a></li>318<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#queuehandler">QueueHandler</a></li>319<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#queuelistener">QueueListener</a></li>320</ul>321</li>322<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">platform</span></code> — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data</a><ul>323<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#cross-platform">Cross platform</a></li>324<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#windows-platform">Windows platform</a></li>325<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#macos-platform">macOS platform</a></li>326<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#ios-platform">iOS platform</a></li>327<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#unix-platforms">Unix platforms</a></li>328<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#linux-platforms">Linux platforms</a></li>329<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#android-platform">Android platform</a></li>330<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#command-line-usage">Command-line usage</a></li>331</ul>332</li>333<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="errno.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">errno</span></code> — Standard errno system symbols</a></li>334<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></code> — A foreign function library for Python</a><ul>335<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#ctypes-tutorial">ctypes tutorial</a><ul>336<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" 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