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The interfaces are generally modeled after the Unix or C interfaces,211but they are available on most other systems as well.  Here’s an overview:</p>212<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">213<ul>214<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code> — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a><ul>215<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-names-command-line-arguments-and-environment-variables">File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables</a></li>216<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#python-utf-8-mode">Python UTF-8 Mode</a></li>217<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#process-parameters">Process Parameters</a></li>218<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-object-creation">File Object Creation</a></li>219<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-descriptor-operations">File Descriptor Operations</a><ul>220<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#querying-the-size-of-a-terminal">Querying the size of a terminal</a></li>221<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#inheritance-of-file-descriptors">Inheritance of File Descriptors</a></li>222</ul>223</li>224<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#files-and-directories">Files and Directories</a><ul>225<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#timer-file-descriptors">Timer File Descriptors</a></li>226<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#linux-extended-attributes">Linux extended attributes</a></li>227</ul>228</li>229<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#process-management">Process Management</a></li>230<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#interface-to-the-scheduler">Interface to the scheduler</a></li>231<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#miscellaneous-system-information">Miscellaneous System Information</a></li>232<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#random-numbers">Random numbers</a></li>233</ul>234</li>235<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io</span></code> — Core tools for working with streams</a><ul>236<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#overview">Overview</a><ul>237<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#text-i-o">Text I/O</a></li>238<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#binary-i-o">Binary I/O</a></li>239<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#raw-i-o">Raw I/O</a></li>240</ul>241</li>242<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#text-encoding">Text Encoding</a><ul>243<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#opt-in-encodingwarning">Opt-in EncodingWarning</a></li>244</ul>245</li>246<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#high-level-module-interface">High-level Module Interface</a></li>247<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#class-hierarchy">Class hierarchy</a><ul>248<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#i-o-base-classes">I/O Base Classes</a></li>249<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#raw-file-i-o">Raw File I/O</a></li>250<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#buffered-streams">Buffered Streams</a></li>251<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#id1">Text I/O</a></li>252</ul>253</li>254<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#static-typing">Static Typing</a></li>255<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#performance">Performance</a><ul>256<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#id2">Binary I/O</a></li>257<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#id3">Text I/O</a></li>258<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#multi-threading">Multi-threading</a></li>259<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#reentrancy">Reentrancy</a></li>260</ul>261</li>262</ul>263</li>264<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code> — Time access and conversions</a><ul>265<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html#functions">Functions</a></li>266<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html#clock-id-constants">Clock ID Constants</a></li>267<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html#timezone-constants">Timezone Constants</a></li>268</ul>269</li>270<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging</span></code> — Logging facility for Python</a><ul>271<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logger-objects">Logger Objects</a></li>272<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logging-levels">Logging Levels</a></li>273<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#handler-objects">Handler Objects</a></li>274<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#formatter-objects">Formatter Objects</a></li>275<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#filter-objects">Filter Objects</a></li>276<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logrecord-objects">LogRecord Objects</a></li>277<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logrecord-attributes">LogRecord attributes</a></li>278<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#loggeradapter-objects">LoggerAdapter Objects</a></li>279<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#thread-safety">Thread Safety</a></li>280<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#module-level-functions">Module-Level Functions</a></li>281<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#module-level-attributes">Module-Level Attributes</a></li>282<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#integration-with-the-warnings-module">Integration with the warnings module</a></li>283</ul>284</li>285<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.config</span></code> — Logging configuration</a><ul>286<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-functions">Configuration functions</a></li>287<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#security-considerations">Security considerations</a></li>288<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema">Configuration dictionary schema</a><ul>289<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#dictionary-schema-details">Dictionary Schema Details</a></li>290<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#incremental-configuration">Incremental Configuration</a></li>291<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#object-connections">Object connections</a></li>292<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#user-defined-objects">User-defined objects</a></li>293<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#handler-configuration-order">Handler configuration order</a></li>294<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#access-to-external-objects">Access to external objects</a></li>295<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#access-to-internal-objects">Access to internal objects</a></li>296<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#import-resolution-and-custom-importers">Import resolution and custom importers</a></li>297<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuring-queuehandler-and-queuelistener">Configuring QueueHandler and QueueListener</a></li>298</ul>299</li>300<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-file-format">Configuration file format</a></li>301</ul>302</li>303<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.handlers</span></code> — Logging handlers</a><ul>304<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#streamhandler">StreamHandler</a></li>305<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#filehandler">FileHandler</a></li>306<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#nullhandler">NullHandler</a></li>307<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#watchedfilehandler">WatchedFileHandler</a></li>308<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#baserotatinghandler">BaseRotatingHandler</a></li>309<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#rotatingfilehandler">RotatingFileHandler</a></li>310<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#timedrotatingfilehandler">TimedRotatingFileHandler</a></li>311<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#sockethandler">SocketHandler</a></li>312<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#datagramhandler">DatagramHandler</a></li>313<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#sysloghandler">SysLogHandler</a></li>314<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#nteventloghandler">NTEventLogHandler</a></li>315<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#smtphandler">SMTPHandler</a></li>316<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#memoryhandler">MemoryHandler</a></li>317<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#httphandler">HTTPHandler</a></li>318<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#queuehandler">QueueHandler</a></li>319<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#queuelistener">QueueListener</a></li>320</ul>321</li>322<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">platform</span></code> —  Access to underlying platform’s identifying data</a><ul>323<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#cross-platform">Cross platform</a></li>324<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#windows-platform">Windows platform</a></li>325<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#macos-platform">macOS platform</a></li>326<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#ios-platform">iOS platform</a></li>327<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#unix-platforms">Unix platforms</a></li>328<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#linux-platforms">Linux platforms</a></li>329<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#android-platform">Android platform</a></li>330<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#command-line-usage">Command-line usage</a></li>331</ul>332</li>333<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="errno.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">errno</span></code> — Standard errno system symbols</a></li>334<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></code> — A foreign function library for Python</a><ul>335<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#ctypes-tutorial">ctypes tutorial</a><ul>336<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" 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