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href="../index.html">3.15.0a6 Documentation</a> &#187;173    </li>174 175          <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &#187;</li>176          <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="datatypes.html" accesskey="U">Data Types</a> &#187;</li>177        <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy</span></code> — Shallow and deep copy operations</a></li>178                <li class="right">179                    180 181    <div class="inline-search" role="search">182        <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get">183          <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="search" name="q" id="search-box">184          <input type="submit" value="Go">185        </form>186    </div>187                     |188                </li>189            <li class="right">190<label class="theme-selector-label">191    Theme192    <select class="theme-selector" oninput="activateTheme(this.value)">193        <option value="auto" selected>Auto</option>194        <option value="light">Light</option>195        <option value="dark">Dark</option>196    </select>197</label> |</li>198            199      </ul>200    </div>    201 202    <div class="document">203      <div class="documentwrapper">204        <div class="bodywrapper">205          <div class="body" role="main">206            207  <section id="module-copy">208<span id="copy-shallow-and-deep-copy-operations"></span><h1><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy</span></code> — Shallow and deep copy operations<a class="headerlink" href="#module-copy" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>209<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/main/Lib/copy.py">Lib/copy.py</a></p>210<hr class="docutils" />211<p>Assignment statements in Python do not copy objects, they create bindings212between a target and an object. For collections that are mutable or contain213mutable items, a copy is sometimes needed so one can change one copy without214changing the other. This module provides generic shallow and deep copy215operations (explained below).</p>216<p>Interface summary:</p>217<dl class="py function">218<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="copy.copy">219<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">copy.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">copy</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#copy.copy" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>220<dd><p>Return a shallow copy of <em>obj</em>.</p>221</dd></dl>222 223<dl class="py function">224<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="copy.deepcopy">225<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">copy.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">deepcopy</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">memo</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#copy.deepcopy" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>226<dd><p>Return a deep copy of <em>obj</em>.</p>227</dd></dl>228 229<dl class="py function">230<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="copy.replace">231<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">copy.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">replace</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">changes</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#copy.replace" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>232<dd><p>Creates a new object of the same type as <em>obj</em>, replacing fields with values233from <em>changes</em>.</p>234<div class="versionadded">235<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.13.</span></p>236</div>237</dd></dl>238 239<dl class="py exception">240<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="copy.Error">241<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">exception</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">copy.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Error</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#copy.Error" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>242<dd><p>Raised for module specific errors.</p>243</dd></dl>244 245<p id="shallow-vs-deep-copy">The difference between shallow and deep copying is only relevant for compound246objects (objects that contain other objects, like lists or class instances):</p>247<ul class="simple">248<li><p>A <em>shallow copy</em> constructs a new compound object and then (to the extent249possible) inserts <em>references</em> into it to the objects found in the original.</p></li>250<li><p>A <em>deep copy</em> constructs a new compound object and then, recursively, inserts251<em>copies</em> into it of the objects found in the original.</p></li>252</ul>253<p>Two problems often exist with deep copy operations that don’t exist with shallow254copy operations:</p>255<ul class="simple">256<li><p>Recursive objects (compound objects that, directly or indirectly, contain a257reference to themselves) may cause a recursive loop.</p></li>258<li><p>Because deep copy copies everything it may copy too much, such as data259which is intended to be shared between copies.</p></li>260</ul>261<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#copy.deepcopy" title="copy.deepcopy"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">deepcopy()</span></code></a> function avoids these problems by:</p>262<ul class="simple">263<li><p>keeping a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memo</span></code> dictionary of objects already copied during the current264copying pass; and</p></li>265<li><p>letting user-defined classes override the copying operation or the set of266components copied.</p></li>267</ul>268<p>This module does not copy types like module, method, stack trace, stack frame,269file, socket, window, or any similar types.  It does “copy” functions and270classes (shallow and deeply), by returning the original object unchanged; this271is compatible with the way these are treated by the <a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#module-pickle" title="pickle: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code></a> module.</p>272<p>Shallow copies of dictionaries can be made using <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.copy" title="dict.copy"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.copy()</span></code></a>, and273of lists by assigning a slice of the entire list, for example,274<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copied_list</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">original_list[:]</span></code>.</p>275<p id="index-0">Classes can use the same interfaces to control copying that they use to control276pickling.  See the description of module <a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#module-pickle" title="pickle: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code></a> for information on these277methods.  In fact, the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy</span></code> module uses the registered278pickle functions from the <a class="reference internal" href="copyreg.html#module-copyreg" title="copyreg: Register pickle support functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copyreg</span></code></a> module.</p>279<p id="index-1">In order for a class to define its own copy implementation, it can define280special methods <a class="reference internal" href="#object.__copy__" title="object.__copy__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__copy__()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#object.__deepcopy__" title="object.__deepcopy__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__deepcopy__()</span></code></a>.</p>281<dl class="py method">282<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="object.__copy__">283<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">object.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__copy__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">self</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#object.__copy__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>284<dd><p>Called to implement the shallow copy operation;285no additional arguments are passed.</p>286</dd></dl>287 288<dl class="py method">289<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="object.__deepcopy__">290<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">object.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__deepcopy__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">self</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">memo</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#object.__deepcopy__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>291<dd><p>Called to implement the deep copy operation; it is passed one292argument, the <em>memo</em> dictionary.  If the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__deepcopy__</span></code> implementation needs293to make a deep copy of a component, it should call the <a class="reference internal" href="#copy.deepcopy" title="copy.deepcopy"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">deepcopy()</span></code></a> function294with the component as first argument and the <em>memo</em> dictionary as second argument.295The <em>memo</em> dictionary should be treated as an opaque object.</p>296</dd></dl>297 298<p id="index-2">Function <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy.replace()</span></code> is more limited299than <a class="reference internal" href="#copy.copy" title="copy.copy"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#copy.deepcopy" title="copy.deepcopy"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">deepcopy()</span></code></a>,300and only supports named tuples created by <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#collections.namedtuple" title="collections.namedtuple"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">namedtuple()</span></code></a>,301<a class="reference internal" href="dataclasses.html#module-dataclasses" title="dataclasses: Generate special methods on user-defined classes."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dataclasses</span></code></a>, and other classes which define method <a class="reference internal" href="#object.__replace__" title="object.__replace__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__replace__()</span></code></a>.</p>302<dl class="py method">303<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="object.__replace__">304<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">object.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__replace__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">self</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">changes</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#object.__replace__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>305<dd><p>This method should create a new object of the same type,306replacing fields with values from <em>changes</em>.</p>307<div class="versionadded">308<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.13.</span></p>309</div>310</dd></dl>311 312<div class="admonition seealso">313<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>314<dl class="simple">315<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#module-pickle" title="pickle: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Discussion of the special methods used to support object state retrieval and316restoration.</p>317</dd>318</dl>319</div>320</section>321 322 323            <div class="clearer"></div>324          </div>325        </div>326      </div>327      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="Main">328        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">329  <div>330    <h4>Previous topic</h4>331    <p class="topless"><a href="types.html"332                          title="previous chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">types</span></code> — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types</a></p>333  </div>334  <div>335    <h4>Next topic</h4>336    <p class="topless"><a href="pprint.html"337                          title="next 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