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</div> 201 202 <div class="document">203 <div class="documentwrapper">204 <div class="bodywrapper">205 <div class="body" role="main">206 207 <section id="module-pwd">208<span id="pwd-the-password-database"></span><h1><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pwd</span></code> — The password database<a class="headerlink" href="#module-pwd" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>209<hr class="docutils" />210<p>This module provides access to the Unix user account and password database. It211is available on all Unix versions.</p>212<div class="availability docutils container">213<p><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">Availability</span></a>: Unix, not WASI, not iOS.</p>214</div>215<p>Password database entries are reported as a tuple-like object, whose attributes216correspond to the members of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passwd</span></code> structure (Attribute field below,217see <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><pwd.h></span></code>):</p>218<table class="docutils align-default">219<thead>220<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Index</p></th>221<th class="head"><p>Attribute</p></th>222<th class="head"><p>Meaning</p></th>223</tr>224</thead>225<tbody>226<tr class="row-even"><td><p>0</p></td>227<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pw_name</span></code></p></td>228<td><p>Login name</p></td>229</tr>230<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>1</p></td>231<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pw_passwd</span></code></p></td>232<td><p>Optional encrypted password</p></td>233</tr>234<tr class="row-even"><td><p>2</p></td>235<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pw_uid</span></code></p></td>236<td><p>Numerical user ID</p></td>237</tr>238<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>3</p></td>239<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pw_gid</span></code></p></td>240<td><p>Numerical group ID</p></td>241</tr>242<tr class="row-even"><td><p>4</p></td>243<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pw_gecos</span></code></p></td>244<td><p>User name or comment field</p></td>245</tr>246<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>5</p></td>247<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pw_dir</span></code></p></td>248<td><p>User home directory</p></td>249</tr>250<tr class="row-even"><td><p>6</p></td>251<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pw_shell</span></code></p></td>252<td><p>User command interpreter</p></td>253</tr>254</tbody>255</table>256<p>The uid and gid items are integers, all others are strings. <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyError" title="KeyError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></code></a> is257raised if the entry asked for cannot be found.</p>258<div class="admonition note">259<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>260<p>In traditional Unix the field <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pw_passwd</span></code> usually contains a password261encrypted with a DES derived algorithm. However most262modern unices use a so-called <em>shadow password</em> system. On those unices the263<em>pw_passwd</em> field only contains an asterisk (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'*'</span></code>) or the letter <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'x'</span></code>264where the encrypted password is stored in a file <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/shadow</span></code> which is265not world readable. Whether the <em>pw_passwd</em> field contains anything useful is266system-dependent.</p>267</div>268<p>It defines the following items:</p>269<dl class="py function">270<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pwd.getpwuid">271<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pwd.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getpwuid</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">uid</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pwd.getpwuid" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>272<dd><p>Return the password database entry for the given numeric user ID.</p>273</dd></dl>274 275<dl class="py function">276<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pwd.getpwnam">277<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pwd.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getpwnam</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pwd.getpwnam" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>278<dd><p>Return the password database entry for the given user name.</p>279</dd></dl>280 281<dl class="py function">282<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pwd.getpwall">283<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pwd.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getpwall</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pwd.getpwall" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>284<dd><p>Return a list of all available password database entries, in arbitrary order.</p>285</dd></dl>286 287<div class="admonition seealso">288<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>289<dl class="simple">290<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="grp.html#module-grp" title="grp: The group database (getgrnam() and friends)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">grp</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>An interface to the group database, similar to this.</p>291</dd>292</dl>293</div>294</section>295 296 297 <div class="clearer"></div>298 </div>299 </div>300 </div>301 <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="Main">302 <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">303 <div>304 <h4>Previous topic</h4>305 <p class="topless"><a href="posix.html"306 title="previous chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posix</span></code> — The most common POSIX system calls</a></p>307 </div>308 <div>309 <h4>Next topic</h4>310 <p class="topless"><a href="grp.html"311 title="next chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">grp</span></code> — The group database</a></p>312 </div>313 <script>314 document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {315 const title = document.querySelector('meta[property="og:title"]').content;316 const elements = document.querySelectorAll('.improvepage');317 const pageurl = window.location.href.split('?')[0];318 elements.forEach(element => {319 const url = new URL(element.href.split('?')[0].replace("-nojs", ""));320 url.searchParams.set('pagetitle', title);321 url.searchParams.set('pageurl', pageurl);322 url.searchParams.set('pagesource', "library/pwd.rst");323 element.href = url.toString();324 });325 });326 </script>327 <div role="note" aria-label="source link">328 <h3>This page</h3>329 <ul class="this-page-menu">330 <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a bug</a></li>331 <li><a class="improvepage" href="../improve-page-nojs.html">Improve this page</a></li>332 <li>333 <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Doc/library/pwd.rst?plain=1"334 rel="nofollow">Show source335 </a>336 </li>337 338 </ul>339 </div>340 </div>341<div id="sidebarbutton" title="Collapse sidebar">342<span>«</span>343</div>344 345 </div>346 <div class="clearer"></div>347 </div> 348 <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="Related">349 <h3>Navigation</h3>350 <ul>351 <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">352 <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"353 >index</a></li>354 <li class="right" >355 <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"356 >modules</a> |</li>357 <li class="right" >358 <a href="grp.html" title="grp — The group database"359 >next</a> |</li>360 <li class="right" >361 <a href="posix.html" title="posix — The most common POSIX system calls"362 >previous</a> |</li>363 364 <li><img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="Python logo" style="vertical-align: middle; 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