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class="pre">py_compile</span></code> module provides a function to generate a byte-code file222from a source file, and another function used when the module source file is223invoked as a script.</p>224<p>Though not often needed, this function can be useful when installing modules for225shared use, especially if some of the users may not have permission to write the226byte-code cache files in the directory containing the source code.</p>227<dl class="py exception">228<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="py_compile.PyCompileError">229<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">exception</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">py_compile.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">PyCompileError</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#py_compile.PyCompileError" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>230<dd><p>Exception raised when an error occurs while attempting to compile the file.</p>231</dd></dl>232 233<dl class="py function">234<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="py_compile.compile">235<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">py_compile.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">compile</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">file</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">cfile</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">dfile</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">doraise</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">optimize</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">-1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">invalidation_mode</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">PycInvalidationMode.TIMESTAMP</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">quiet</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#py_compile.compile" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>236<dd><p>Compile a source file to byte-code and write out the byte-code cache file.237The source code is loaded from the file named <em>file</em>.  The byte-code is238written to <em>cfile</em>, which defaults to the <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-3147/"><strong>PEP 3147</strong></a>/<span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0488/"><strong>PEP 488</strong></a> path, ending239in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code>.240For example, if <em>file</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/foo/bar/baz.py</span></code> <em>cfile</em> will default to241<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/foo/bar/__pycache__/baz.cpython-32.pyc</span></code> for Python 3.2.  If <em>dfile</em> is242specified, it is used instead of <em>file</em> as the name of the source file from243which source lines are obtained for display in exception tracebacks.244If <em>doraise</em> is true, a <a class="reference internal" href="#py_compile.PyCompileError" title="py_compile.PyCompileError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyCompileError</span></code></a> is raised245when an error is encountered while compiling <em>file</em>. If <em>doraise</em> is false246(the default), an error string is written to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stderr</span></code>, but no exception247is raised.  This function returns the path to byte-compiled file, i.e.248whatever <em>cfile</em> value was used.</p>249<p>The <em>doraise</em> and <em>quiet</em> arguments determine how errors are handled while250compiling file. If <em>quiet</em> is 0 or 1, and <em>doraise</em> is false, the default251behaviour is enabled: an error string is written to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stderr</span></code>, and the252function returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> instead of a path. If <em>doraise</em> is true,253a <a class="reference internal" href="#py_compile.PyCompileError" title="py_compile.PyCompileError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyCompileError</span></code></a> is raised instead. However if <em>quiet</em> is 2,254no message is written, and <em>doraise</em> has no effect.</p>255<p>If the path that <em>cfile</em> becomes (either explicitly specified or computed)256is a symlink or non-regular file, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#FileExistsError" title="FileExistsError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FileExistsError</span></code></a> will be raised.257This is to act as a warning that import will turn those paths into regular258files if it is allowed to write byte-compiled files to those paths. This is259a side-effect of import using file renaming to place the final byte-compiled260file into place to prevent concurrent file writing issues.</p>261<p><em>optimize</em> controls the optimization level and is passed to the built-in262<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile()</span></code> function.  The default of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> selects the optimization263level of the current interpreter.</p>264<p><em>invalidation_mode</em> should be a member of the <a class="reference internal" href="#py_compile.PycInvalidationMode" title="py_compile.PycInvalidationMode"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PycInvalidationMode</span></code></a>265enum and controls how the generated bytecode cache is invalidated at266runtime.  The default is <a class="reference internal" href="#py_compile.PycInvalidationMode.CHECKED_HASH" title="py_compile.PycInvalidationMode.CHECKED_HASH"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PycInvalidationMode.CHECKED_HASH</span></code></a> if267the <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH</span></code> environment variable is set, otherwise268the default is <a class="reference internal" href="#py_compile.PycInvalidationMode.TIMESTAMP" title="py_compile.PycInvalidationMode.TIMESTAMP"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PycInvalidationMode.TIMESTAMP</span></code></a>.</p>269<div class="versionchanged">270<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Changed default value of <em>cfile</em> to be <span class="target" id="index-4"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-3147/"><strong>PEP 3147</strong></a>-compliant.  Previous271default was <em>file</em> + <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'c'</span></code> (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'o'</span></code> if optimization was enabled).272Also added the <em>optimize</em> parameter.</p>273</div>274<div class="versionchanged">275<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Changed code to use <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#module-importlib" title="importlib: The implementation of the import machinery."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib</span></code></a> for the byte-code cache file writing.276This means file creation/writing semantics now match what <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib</span></code>277does, e.g. permissions, write-and-move semantics, etc. Also added the278caveat that <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#FileExistsError" title="FileExistsError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FileExistsError</span></code></a> is raised if <em>cfile</em> is a symlink or279non-regular file.</p>280</div>281<div class="versionchanged">282<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>The <em>invalidation_mode</em> parameter was added as specified in <span class="target" id="index-5"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0552/"><strong>PEP 552</strong></a>.283If the <span class="target" id="index-6"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH</span></code> environment variable is set,284<em>invalidation_mode</em> will be forced to285<a class="reference internal" href="#py_compile.PycInvalidationMode.CHECKED_HASH" title="py_compile.PycInvalidationMode.CHECKED_HASH"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PycInvalidationMode.CHECKED_HASH</span></code></a>.</p>286</div>287<div class="versionchanged">288<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7.2: </span>The <span class="target" id="index-7"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH</span></code> environment variable no longer289overrides the value of the <em>invalidation_mode</em> argument, and determines290its default value instead.</p>291</div>292<div class="versionchanged">293<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.8: </span>The <em>quiet</em> parameter was added.</p>294</div>295</dd></dl>296 297<dl class="py class">298<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="py_compile.PycInvalidationMode">299<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">class</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">py_compile.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">PycInvalidationMode</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#py_compile.PycInvalidationMode" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>300<dd><p>An enumeration of possible methods the interpreter can use to determine301whether a bytecode file is up to date with a source file. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> file302indicates the desired invalidation mode in its header. See303<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#pyc-invalidation"><span class="std std-ref">Cached bytecode invalidation</span></a> for more information on how Python invalidates304<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> files at runtime.</p>305<div class="versionadded">306<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.7.</span></p>307</div>308<dl class="py attribute">309<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="py_compile.PycInvalidationMode.TIMESTAMP">310<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">TIMESTAMP</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#py_compile.PycInvalidationMode.TIMESTAMP" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>311<dd><p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> file includes the timestamp and size of the source file,312which Python will compare against the metadata of the source file at313runtime to determine if the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> file needs to be regenerated.</p>314</dd></dl>315 316<dl class="py attribute">317<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="py_compile.PycInvalidationMode.CHECKED_HASH">318<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">CHECKED_HASH</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#py_compile.PycInvalidationMode.CHECKED_HASH" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>319<dd><p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> file includes a hash of the source file content, which Python320will compare against the source at runtime to determine if the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code>321file needs to be regenerated.</p>322</dd></dl>323 324<dl class="py attribute">325<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="py_compile.PycInvalidationMode.UNCHECKED_HASH">326<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">UNCHECKED_HASH</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#py_compile.PycInvalidationMode.UNCHECKED_HASH" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>327<dd><p>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#py_compile.PycInvalidationMode.CHECKED_HASH" title="py_compile.PycInvalidationMode.CHECKED_HASH"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CHECKED_HASH</span></code></a>, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> file includes a hash of the source328file content. However, Python will at runtime assume the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> file is329up to date and not validate the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> against the source file at all.</p>330<p>This option is useful when the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pycs</span></code> are kept up to date by some331system external to Python like a build system.</p>332</dd></dl>333 334</dd></dl>335 336<section id="command-line-interface">337<span id="py-compile-cli"></span><h2>Command-Line Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-interface" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>338<p>This module can be invoked as a script to compile several source339files.  The files named in <em>filenames</em> are compiled and the resulting340bytecode is cached in the normal manner.  This program does not search341a directory structure to locate source files; it only compiles files342named explicitly. The exit status is nonzero if one of the files could343not be compiled.</p>344<dl class="std option">345<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-python-m-py_compile-arg-file">346<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">&lt;file&gt;</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">...</span> <span class="pre">&lt;fileN&gt;</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-python-m-py_compile-arg-file" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>347<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-python-m-py_compile">348<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-python-m-py_compile" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>349<dd><p>Positional arguments are files to compile.  If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-</span></code> is the only350parameter, the list of files is taken from standard input.</p>351</dd></dl>352 353<dl class="std option">354<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-python-m-py_compile-q">355<span id="cmdoption-python-m-py_compile-quiet"></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-q</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--quiet</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-python-m-py_compile-q" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>356<dd><p>Suppress errors output.</p>357</dd></dl>358 359<div class="versionchanged">360<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Added support for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-</span></code>.</p>361</div>362<div class="versionchanged">363<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.10: </span>Added support for <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-python-m-py_compile-q"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-q</span></code></a>.</p>364</div>365<div class="admonition seealso">366<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>367<dl class="simple">368<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="compileall.html#module-compileall" title="compileall: Tools for byte-compiling all Python source files in a directory tree."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compileall</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Utilities to compile all Python source files in a directory tree.</p>369</dd>370</dl>371</div>372</section>373</section>374 375 376            <div class="clearer"></div>377          </div>378        </div>379      </div>380      <div class="sphinxsidebar" 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