parthtamu/rag-code-assistant
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docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> — Turtle graphics</a><ul>108<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li>109<li><a class="reference internal" href="#get-started">Get started</a></li>110<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tutorial">Tutorial</a><ul>111<li><a class="reference internal" href="#starting-a-turtle-environment">Starting a turtle environment</a></li>112<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-drawing">Basic drawing</a><ul>113<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pen-control">Pen control</a></li>114<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-turtle-s-position">The turtle’s position</a></li>115</ul>116</li>117<li><a class="reference internal" href="#making-algorithmic-patterns">Making algorithmic patterns</a></li>118</ul>119</li>120<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to">How to…</a><ul>121<li><a class="reference internal" href="#get-started-as-quickly-as-possible">Get started as quickly as possible</a></li>122<li><a class="reference internal" href="#automatically-begin-and-end-filling">Automatically begin and end filling</a></li>123<li><a class="reference internal" href="#use-the-turtle-module-namespace">Use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> module namespace</a></li>124<li><a class="reference internal" href="#use-turtle-graphics-in-a-script">Use turtle graphics in a script</a></li>125<li><a class="reference internal" href="#use-object-oriented-turtle-graphics">Use object-oriented turtle graphics</a></li>126</ul>127</li>128<li><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-graphics-reference">Turtle graphics reference</a><ul>129<li><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-methods">Turtle methods</a></li>130<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen">Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen</a></li>131</ul>132</li>133<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-of-rawturtle-turtle-and-corresponding-functions">Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions</a><ul>134<li><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-motion">Turtle motion</a></li>135<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tell-turtle-s-state">Tell Turtle’s state</a></li>136<li><a class="reference internal" href="#settings-for-measurement">Settings for measurement</a></li>137<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1">Pen control</a><ul>138<li><a class="reference internal" href="#drawing-state">Drawing state</a></li>139<li><a class="reference internal" href="#color-control">Color control</a></li>140<li><a class="reference internal" href="#filling">Filling</a></li>141<li><a class="reference internal" href="#more-drawing-control">More drawing control</a></li>142</ul>143</li>144<li><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-state">Turtle state</a><ul>145<li><a class="reference internal" href="#visibility">Visibility</a></li>146<li><a class="reference internal" href="#appearance">Appearance</a></li>147</ul>148</li>149<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-events">Using events</a></li>150<li><a class="reference internal" href="#special-turtle-methods">Special Turtle methods</a></li>151<li><a class="reference internal" href="#compound-shapes">Compound shapes</a></li>152</ul>153</li>154<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen-and-corresponding-functions">Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions</a><ul>155<li><a class="reference internal" href="#window-control">Window control</a></li>156<li><a class="reference internal" href="#animation-control">Animation control</a></li>157<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-screen-events">Using screen events</a></li>158<li><a class="reference internal" href="#input-methods">Input methods</a></li>159<li><a class="reference internal" href="#settings-and-special-methods">Settings and special methods</a></li>160<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-specific-to-screen-not-inherited-from-turtlescreen">Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen</a></li>161</ul>162</li>163<li><a class="reference internal" href="#public-classes">Public classes</a></li>164<li><a class="reference internal" href="#explanation">Explanation</a></li>165<li><a class="reference internal" href="#help-and-configuration">Help and configuration</a><ul>166<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-use-help">How to use help</a></li>167<li><a class="reference internal" href="#translation-of-docstrings-into-different-languages">Translation of docstrings into different languages</a></li>168<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-configure-screen-and-turtles">How to configure Screen and Turtles</a></li>169</ul>170</li>171<li><a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtledemo"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtledemo</span></code> — Demo scripts</a></li>172<li><a class="reference internal" href="#changes-since-python-2-6">Changes since Python 2.6</a></li>173<li><a class="reference internal" href="#changes-since-python-3-0">Changes since Python 3.0</a></li>174</ul>175</li>176</ul>177 178 </div>179 <div>180 <h4>Previous topic</h4>181 <p class="topless"><a href="idle.html"182 title="previous chapter">IDLE — Python editor and shell</a></p>183 </div>184 <div>185 <h4>Next topic</h4>186 <p class="topless"><a href="development.html"187 title="next chapter">Development Tools</a></p>188 </div>189 <script>190 document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {191 const title = document.querySelector('meta[property="og:title"]').content;192 const elements = document.querySelectorAll('.improvepage');193 const pageurl = window.location.href.split('?')[0];194 elements.forEach(element => {195 const url = new URL(element.href.split('?')[0].replace("-nojs", ""));196 url.searchParams.set('pagetitle', title);197 url.searchParams.set('pageurl', pageurl);198 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accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>233 <li class="right" >234 <a href="idle.html" title="IDLE — Python editor and shell"235 accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>236 237 <li><img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="Python logo" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"></li>238 <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li>239 <li class="switchers">240 <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div>241 <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div>242 </li>243 <li>244 245 </li>246 <li id="cpython-language-and-version">247 <a href="../index.html">3.15.0a6 Documentation</a> »248 </li>249 250 <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li>251 <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="tk.html" accesskey="U">Graphical user interfaces with Tk</a> »</li>252 <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> — Turtle graphics</a></li>253 <li class="right">254 255 256 <div class="inline-search" role="search">257 <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get">258 <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="search" name="q" id="search-box">259 <input type="submit" value="Go">260 </form>261 </div>262 |263 </li>264 <li class="right">265<label class="theme-selector-label">266 Theme267 <select class="theme-selector" oninput="activateTheme(this.value)">268 <option value="auto" selected>Auto</option>269 <option value="light">Light</option>270 <option value="dark">Dark</option>271 </select>272</label> |</li>273 274 </ul>275 </div> 276 277 <div class="document">278 <div class="documentwrapper">279 <div class="bodywrapper">280 <div class="body" role="main">281 282 <section id="module-turtle">283<span id="turtle-turtle-graphics"></span><h1><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> — Turtle graphics<a class="headerlink" href="#module-turtle" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>284<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/main/Lib/turtle.py">Lib/turtle.py</a></p>285<hr class="docutils" />286<section id="introduction">287<h2>Introduction<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>288<p>Turtle graphics is an implementation of <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_(robot)">the popular geometric drawing tools289introduced in Logo</a>, developed by Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert and Cynthia Solomon290in 1967.</p>291<p>This is an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-optional-module"><span class="xref std std-term">optional module</span></a>.292If it is missing from your copy of CPython,293look for documentation from your distributor (that is,294whoever provided Python to you).295If you are the distributor, see <a class="reference internal" href="../using/configure.html#optional-module-requirements"><span class="std std-ref">Requirements for optional modules</span></a>.</p>296</section>297<section id="get-started">298<h2>Get started<a class="headerlink" href="#get-started" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>299<p>Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. After an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">turtle</span></code>, give it the300command <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle.forward(15)</span></code>, and it moves (on-screen!) 15 pixels in the301direction it is facing, drawing a line as it moves. Give it the command302<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle.right(25)</span></code>, and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise.</p>303<aside class="sidebar">304<p class="sidebar-title">Turtle star</p>305<p>Turtle can draw intricate shapes using programs that repeat simple306moves.</p>307<img alt="../_images/turtle-star.png" class="align-center" src="../_images/turtle-star.png" />308</aside>309<p>In Python, turtle graphics provides a representation of a physical “turtle”310(a little robot with a pen) that draws on a sheet of paper on the floor.</p>311<p>It’s an effective and well-proven way for learners to encounter312programming concepts and interaction with software, as it provides instant,313visible feedback. It also provides convenient access to graphical output314in general.</p>315<p>Turtle drawing was originally created as an educational tool, to be used by316teachers in the classroom. For the programmer who needs to produce some317graphical output it can be a way to do that without the overhead of318introducing more complex or external libraries into their work.</p>319</section>320<section id="tutorial">321<span id="turtle-tutorial"></span><h2>Tutorial<a class="headerlink" href="#tutorial" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>322<p>New users should start here. In this tutorial we’ll explore some of the323basics of turtle drawing.</p>324<section id="starting-a-turtle-environment">325<h3>Starting a turtle environment<a class="headerlink" href="#starting-a-turtle-environment" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>326<p>In a Python shell, import all the objects of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> module:</p>327<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">turtle</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>328</pre></div>329</div>330<p>If you run into a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">No</span> <span class="pre">module</span> <span class="pre">named</span> <span class="pre">'_tkinter'</span></code> error, you’ll have to331install the <a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.html#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tk</span> <span class="pre">interface</span> <span class="pre">package</span></code></a> on your system.</p>332</section>333<section id="basic-drawing">334<h3>Basic drawing<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-drawing" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>335<p>Send the turtle forward 100 steps:</p>336<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>337</pre></div>338</div>339<p>You should see (most likely, in a new window on your display) a line340drawn by the turtle, heading East. Change the direction of the turtle,341so that it turns 120 degrees left (anti-clockwise):</p>342<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">120</span><span class="p">)</span>343</pre></div>344</div>345<p>Let’s continue by drawing a triangle:</p>346<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>347<span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">120</span><span class="p">)</span>348<span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>349</pre></div>350</div>351<p>Notice how the turtle, represented by an arrow, points in different352directions as you steer it.</p>353<p>Experiment with those commands, and also with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">backward()</span></code> and354<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">right()</span></code>.</p>355<section id="pen-control">356<h4>Pen control<a class="headerlink" href="#pen-control" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>357<p>Try changing the color - for example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">color('blue')</span></code> - and358width of the line - for example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">width(3)</span></code> - and then drawing again.</p>359<p>You can also move the turtle around without drawing, by lifting up the pen:360<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">up()</span></code> before moving. To start drawing again, use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">down()</span></code>.</p>361</section>362<section id="the-turtle-s-position">363<h4>The turtle’s position<a class="headerlink" href="#the-turtle-s-position" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>364<p>Send your turtle back to its starting-point (useful if it has disappeared365off-screen):</p>366<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">()</span>367</pre></div>368</div>369<p>The home position is at the center of the turtle’s screen. If you ever need to370know them, get the turtle’s x-y coordinates with:</p>371<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>372</pre></div>373</div>374<p>Home is at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(0,</span> <span class="pre">0)</span></code>.</p>375<p>And after a while, it will probably help to clear the window so we can start376anew:</p>377<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">clearscreen</span><span class="p">()</span>378</pre></div>379</div>380</section>381</section>382<section id="making-algorithmic-patterns">383<h3>Making algorithmic patterns<a class="headerlink" href="#making-algorithmic-patterns" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>384<p>Using loops, it’s possible to build up geometric patterns:</p>385<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">steps</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">):</span>386 <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'blue'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'red'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'green'</span><span class="p">):</span>387 <span class="n">color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span>388 <span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">steps</span><span class="p">)</span>389 <span class="n">right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">)</span>390</pre></div>391</div>392<p>- which of course, are limited only by the imagination!</p>393<p>Let’s draw the star shape at the top of this page. We want red lines,394filled in with yellow:</p>395<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'red'</span><span class="p">)</span>396<span class="n">fillcolor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'yellow'</span><span class="p">)</span>397</pre></div>398</div>399<p>Just as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">up()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">down()</span></code> determine whether lines will be drawn,400filling can be turned on and off:</p>401<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">begin_fill</span><span class="p">()</span>402</pre></div>403</div>404<p>Next we’ll create a loop:</p>405<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">while</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">:</span>406 <span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">)</span>407 <span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">170</span><span class="p">)</span>408 <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">abs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span>409 <span class="k">break</span>410</pre></div>411</div>412<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">abs(pos())</span> <span class="pre"><</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code> is a good way to know when the turtle is back at its413home position.</p>414<p>Finally, complete the filling:</p>415<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">end_fill</span><span class="p">()</span>416</pre></div>417</div>418<p>(Note that filling only actually takes place when you give the419<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">end_fill()</span></code> command.)</p>420</section>421</section>422<section id="how-to">423<span id="turtle-how-to"></span><h2>How to…<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>424<p>This section covers some typical turtle use-cases and approaches.</p>425<section id="get-started-as-quickly-as-possible">426<h3>Get started as quickly as possible<a class="headerlink" href="#get-started-as-quickly-as-possible" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>427<p>One of the joys of turtle graphics is the immediate, visual feedback that’s428available from simple commands - it’s an excellent way to introduce children429to programming ideas, with a minimum of overhead (not just children, of430course).</p>431<p>The turtle module makes this possible by exposing all its basic functionality432as functions, available with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">turtle</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code>. The <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-tutorial"><span class="std std-ref">turtle433graphics tutorial</span></a> covers this approach.</p>434<p>It’s worth noting that many of the turtle commands also have even more terse435equivalents, such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fd()</span></code> for <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.forward" title="turtle.forward"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">forward()</span></code></a>. These are especially436useful when working with learners for whom typing is not a skill.</p>437<blockquote id="note">438<div><p>You’ll need to have the <a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.html#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tk</span> <span class="pre">interface</span> <span class="pre">package</span></code></a> installed on439your system for turtle graphics to work. Be warned that this is not440always straightforward, so check this in advance if you’re planning to441use turtle graphics with a learner.</p>442</div></blockquote>443</section>444<section id="automatically-begin-and-end-filling">445<h3>Automatically begin and end filling<a class="headerlink" href="#automatically-begin-and-end-filling" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>446<p>Starting with Python 3.14, you can use the <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.fill" title="turtle.fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fill()</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-context-manager"><span class="xref std std-term">context manager</span></a>447instead of <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.begin_fill" title="turtle.begin_fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">begin_fill()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.end_fill" title="turtle.end_fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">end_fill()</span></code></a> to automatically begin and448end fill. Here is an example:</p>449<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">fill</span><span class="p">():</span>450 <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">):</span>451 <span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>452 <span class="n">right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">90</span><span class="p">)</span>453 454<span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">)</span>455</pre></div>456</div>457<p>The code above is equivalent to:</p>458<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">begin_fill</span><span class="p">()</span>459<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">):</span>460 <span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>461 <span class="n">right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">90</span><span class="p">)</span>462<span class="n">end_fill</span><span class="p">()</span>463 464<span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">)</span>465</pre></div>466</div>467</section>468<section id="use-the-turtle-module-namespace">469<h3>Use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> module namespace<a class="headerlink" href="#use-the-turtle-module-namespace" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>470<p>Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">turtle</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code> is convenient - but be warned that it imports a471rather large collection of objects, and if you’re doing anything but turtle472graphics you run the risk of a name conflict (this becomes even more an issue473if you’re using turtle graphics in a script where other modules might be474imported).</p>475<p>The solution is to use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">turtle</span></code> - <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fd()</span></code> becomes476<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle.fd()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">width()</span></code> becomes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle.width()</span></code> and so on. (If typing477“turtle” over and over again becomes tedious, use for example <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">turtle</span>478<span class="pre">as</span> <span class="pre">t</span></code> instead.)</p>479</section>480<section id="use-turtle-graphics-in-a-script">481<h3>Use turtle graphics in a script<a class="headerlink" href="#use-turtle-graphics-in-a-script" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>482<p>It’s recommended to use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> module namespace as described483immediately above, for example:</p>484<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">turtle</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">t</span>485<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">random</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">random</span>486 487<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">):</span>488 <span class="n">steps</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>489 <span class="n">angle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">360</span><span class="p">)</span>490 <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">angle</span><span class="p">)</span>491 <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">steps</span><span class="p">)</span>492</pre></div>493</div>494<p>Another step is also required though - as soon as the script ends, Python495will also close the turtle’s window. Add:</p>496<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mainloop</span><span class="p">()</span>497</pre></div>498</div>499<p>to the end of the script. The script will now wait to be dismissed and500will not exit until it is terminated, for example by closing the turtle501graphics window.</p>502</section>503<section id="use-object-oriented-turtle-graphics">504<h3>Use object-oriented turtle graphics<a class="headerlink" href="#use-object-oriented-turtle-graphics" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>505<div class="admonition seealso">506<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>507<p><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-explanation"><span class="std std-ref">Explanation of the object-oriented interface</span></a></p>508</div>509<p>Other than for very basic introductory purposes, or for trying things out510as quickly as possible, it’s more usual and much more powerful to use the511object-oriented approach to turtle graphics. For example, this allows512multiple turtles on screen at once.</p>513<p>In this approach, the various turtle commands are methods of objects (mostly of514<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Turtle</span></code> objects). You <em>can</em> use the object-oriented approach in the shell,515but it would be more typical in a Python script.</p>516<p>The example above then becomes:</p>517<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">turtle</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Turtle</span>518<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">random</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">random</span>519 520<span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Turtle</span><span class="p">()</span>521<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">):</span>522 <span class="n">steps</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>523 <span class="n">angle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">360</span><span class="p">)</span>524 <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">angle</span><span class="p">)</span>525 <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">steps</span><span class="p">)</span>526 527<span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mainloop</span><span class="p">()</span>528</pre></div>529</div>530<p>Note the last line. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">t.screen</span></code> is an instance of the <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Screen" title="turtle.Screen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Screen</span></code></a>531that a Turtle instance exists on; it’s created automatically along with532the turtle.</p>533<p>The turtle’s screen can be customised, for example:</p>534<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Object-oriented turtle demo'</span><span class="p">)</span>535<span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bgcolor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"orange"</span><span class="p">)</span>536</pre></div>537</div>538</section>539</section>540<section id="turtle-graphics-reference">541<h2>Turtle graphics reference<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle-graphics-reference" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>542<div class="admonition note">543<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>544<p>In the following documentation the argument list for functions is given.545Methods, of course, have the additional first argument <em>self</em> which is546omitted here.</p>547</div>548<section id="turtle-methods">549<h3>Turtle methods<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle-methods" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>550<dl>551<dt>Turtle motion</dt><dd><dl>552<dt>Move and draw</dt><dd><div class="line-block">553<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.forward" title="turtle.forward"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">forward()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.fd" title="turtle.fd"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fd()</span></code></a></div>554<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.backward" title="turtle.backward"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">backward()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.bk" title="turtle.bk"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bk()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.back" title="turtle.back"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">back()</span></code></a></div>555<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.right" title="turtle.right"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">right()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.rt" title="turtle.rt"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rt()</span></code></a></div>556<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.left" title="turtle.left"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">left()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.lt" title="turtle.lt"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lt()</span></code></a></div>557<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.goto" title="turtle.goto"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">goto()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setpos" title="turtle.setpos"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setpos()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setposition" title="turtle.setposition"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setposition()</span></code></a></div>558<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.teleport" title="turtle.teleport"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">teleport()</span></code></a></div>559<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setx" title="turtle.setx"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setx()</span></code></a></div>560<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.sety" title="turtle.sety"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sety()</span></code></a></div>561<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setheading" title="turtle.setheading"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setheading()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.seth" title="turtle.seth"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">seth()</span></code></a></div>562<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.home" title="turtle.home"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">home()</span></code></a></div>563<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.circle" title="turtle.circle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">circle()</span></code></a></div>564<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.dot" title="turtle.dot"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dot()</span></code></a></div>565<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.stamp" title="turtle.stamp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stamp()</span></code></a></div>566<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.clearstamp" title="turtle.clearstamp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clearstamp()</span></code></a></div>567<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.clearstamps" title="turtle.clearstamps"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clearstamps()</span></code></a></div>568<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.undo" title="turtle.undo"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">undo()</span></code></a></div>569<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.speed" title="turtle.speed"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">speed()</span></code></a></div>570</div>571</dd>572<dt>Tell Turtle’s state</dt><dd><div class="line-block">573<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.position" title="turtle.position"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">position()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pos" title="turtle.pos"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pos()</span></code></a></div>574<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.towards" title="turtle.towards"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">towards()</span></code></a></div>575<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.xcor" title="turtle.xcor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xcor()</span></code></a></div>576<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.ycor" title="turtle.ycor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ycor()</span></code></a></div>577<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.heading" title="turtle.heading"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">heading()</span></code></a></div>578<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.distance" title="turtle.distance"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distance()</span></code></a></div>579</div>580</dd>581<dt>Setting and measurement</dt><dd><div class="line-block">582<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.degrees" title="turtle.degrees"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">degrees()</span></code></a></div>583<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.radians" title="turtle.radians"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">radians()</span></code></a></div>584</div>585</dd>586</dl>587</dd>588<dt>Pen control</dt><dd><dl>589<dt>Drawing state</dt><dd><div class="line-block">590<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pendown" title="turtle.pendown"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pendown()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pd" title="turtle.pd"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pd()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.down" title="turtle.down"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">down()</span></code></a></div>591<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.penup" title="turtle.penup"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">penup()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pu" title="turtle.pu"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pu()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.up" title="turtle.up"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">up()</span></code></a></div>592<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pensize" title="turtle.pensize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pensize()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.width" title="turtle.width"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">width()</span></code></a></div>593<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pen" title="turtle.pen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pen()</span></code></a></div>594<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.isdown" title="turtle.isdown"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isdown()</span></code></a></div>595</div>596</dd>597<dt>Color control</dt><dd><div class="line-block">598<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.color" title="turtle.color"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">color()</span></code></a></div>599<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pencolor" title="turtle.pencolor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pencolor()</span></code></a></div>600<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.fillcolor" title="turtle.fillcolor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fillcolor()</span></code></a></div>601</div>602</dd>603<dt>Filling</dt><dd><div class="line-block">604<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.filling" title="turtle.filling"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filling()</span></code></a></div>605<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.fill" title="turtle.fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fill()</span></code></a></div>606<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.begin_fill" title="turtle.begin_fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">begin_fill()</span></code></a></div>607<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.end_fill" title="turtle.end_fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">end_fill()</span></code></a></div>608</div>609</dd>610<dt>More drawing control</dt><dd><div class="line-block">611<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.reset" title="turtle.reset"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reset()</span></code></a></div>612<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.clear" title="turtle.clear"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clear()</span></code></a></div>613<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.write" title="turtle.write"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write()</span></code></a></div>614</div>615</dd>616</dl>617</dd>618<dt>Turtle state</dt><dd><dl>619<dt>Visibility</dt><dd><div class="line-block">620<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.showturtle" title="turtle.showturtle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">showturtle()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.st" title="turtle.st"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">st()</span></code></a></div>621<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.hideturtle" title="turtle.hideturtle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hideturtle()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.ht" title="turtle.ht"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ht()</span></code></a></div>622<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.isvisible" title="turtle.isvisible"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isvisible()</span></code></a></div>623</div>624</dd>625<dt>Appearance</dt><dd><div class="line-block">626<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.shape" title="turtle.shape"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shape()</span></code></a></div>627<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.resizemode" title="turtle.resizemode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resizemode()</span></code></a></div>628<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.shapesize" title="turtle.shapesize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shapesize()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.turtlesize" title="turtle.turtlesize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtlesize()</span></code></a></div>629<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.shearfactor" title="turtle.shearfactor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shearfactor()</span></code></a></div>630<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.tiltangle" title="turtle.tiltangle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tiltangle()</span></code></a></div>631<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.tilt" title="turtle.tilt"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tilt()</span></code></a></div>632<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.shapetransform" title="turtle.shapetransform"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shapetransform()</span></code></a></div>633<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.get_shapepoly" title="turtle.get_shapepoly"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_shapepoly()</span></code></a></div>634</div>635</dd>636</dl>637</dd>638<dt>Using events</dt><dd><div class="line-block">639<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onclick" title="turtle.onclick"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onclick()</span></code></a></div>640<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onrelease" title="turtle.onrelease"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onrelease()</span></code></a></div>641<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.ondrag" title="turtle.ondrag"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ondrag()</span></code></a></div>642</div>643</dd>644<dt>Special Turtle methods</dt><dd><div class="line-block">645<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.poly" title="turtle.poly"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">poly()</span></code></a></div>646<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.begin_poly" title="turtle.begin_poly"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">begin_poly()</span></code></a></div>647<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.end_poly" title="turtle.end_poly"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">end_poly()</span></code></a></div>648<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.get_poly" title="turtle.get_poly"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_poly()</span></code></a></div>649<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.clone" title="turtle.clone"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clone()</span></code></a></div>650<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.getturtle" title="turtle.getturtle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getturtle()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.getpen" title="turtle.getpen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getpen()</span></code></a></div>651<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.getscreen" title="turtle.getscreen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getscreen()</span></code></a></div>652<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setundobuffer" title="turtle.setundobuffer"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setundobuffer()</span></code></a></div>653<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.undobufferentries" title="turtle.undobufferentries"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">undobufferentries()</span></code></a></div>654</div>655</dd>656</dl>657</section>658<section id="methods-of-turtlescreen-screen">659<h3>Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen<a class="headerlink" href="#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>660<dl>661<dt>Window control</dt><dd><div class="line-block">662<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.bgcolor" title="turtle.bgcolor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bgcolor()</span></code></a></div>663<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.bgpic" title="turtle.bgpic"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bgpic()</span></code></a></div>664<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.clearscreen" title="turtle.clearscreen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clearscreen()</span></code></a></div>665<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.resetscreen" title="turtle.resetscreen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resetscreen()</span></code></a></div>666<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.screensize" title="turtle.screensize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">screensize()</span></code></a></div>667<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setworldcoordinates" title="turtle.setworldcoordinates"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setworldcoordinates()</span></code></a></div>668</div>669</dd>670<dt>Animation control</dt><dd><div class="line-block">671<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.no_animation" title="turtle.no_animation"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">no_animation()</span></code></a></div>672<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.delay" title="turtle.delay"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">delay()</span></code></a></div>673<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.tracer" title="turtle.tracer"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracer()</span></code></a></div>674<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.update" title="turtle.update"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update()</span></code></a></div>675</div>676</dd>677<dt>Using screen events</dt><dd><div class="line-block">678<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.listen" title="turtle.listen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">listen()</span></code></a></div>679<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onkey" title="turtle.onkey"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onkey()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onkeyrelease" title="turtle.onkeyrelease"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onkeyrelease()</span></code></a></div>680<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onkeypress" title="turtle.onkeypress"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onkeypress()</span></code></a></div>681<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onclick" title="turtle.onclick"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onclick()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onscreenclick" title="turtle.onscreenclick"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onscreenclick()</span></code></a></div>682<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.ontimer" title="turtle.ontimer"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ontimer()</span></code></a></div>683<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mainloop" title="turtle.mainloop"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mainloop()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.done" title="turtle.done"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">done()</span></code></a></div>684</div>685</dd>686<dt>Settings and special methods</dt><dd><div class="line-block">687<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mode" title="turtle.mode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mode()</span></code></a></div>688<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.colormode" title="turtle.colormode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">colormode()</span></code></a></div>689<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.getcanvas" title="turtle.getcanvas"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getcanvas()</span></code></a></div>690<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.getshapes" title="turtle.getshapes"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getshapes()</span></code></a></div>691<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.register_shape" title="turtle.register_shape"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">register_shape()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.addshape" title="turtle.addshape"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">addshape()</span></code></a></div>692<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.turtles" title="turtle.turtles"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtles()</span></code></a></div>693<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.window_height" title="turtle.window_height"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">window_height()</span></code></a></div>694<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.window_width" title="turtle.window_width"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">window_width()</span></code></a></div>695</div>696</dd>697<dt>Input methods</dt><dd><div class="line-block">698<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.textinput" title="turtle.textinput"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">textinput()</span></code></a></div>699<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.numinput" title="turtle.numinput"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numinput()</span></code></a></div>700</div>701</dd>702<dt>Methods specific to Screen</dt><dd><div class="line-block">703<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.bye" title="turtle.bye"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bye()</span></code></a></div>704<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.exitonclick" title="turtle.exitonclick"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exitonclick()</span></code></a></div>705<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.save" title="turtle.save"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">save()</span></code></a></div>706<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setup" title="turtle.setup"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup()</span></code></a></div>707<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.title" title="turtle.title"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">title()</span></code></a></div>708</div>709</dd>710</dl>711</section>712</section>713<section id="methods-of-rawturtle-turtle-and-corresponding-functions">714<h2>Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions<a class="headerlink" href="#methods-of-rawturtle-turtle-and-corresponding-functions" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>715<p>Most of the examples in this section refer to a Turtle instance called716<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code>.</p>717<section id="turtle-motion">718<h3>Turtle motion<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle-motion" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>719<dl class="py function">720<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.forward">721<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">forward</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">distance</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.forward" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>722<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.fd">723<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">fd</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">distance</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.fd" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>724<dd><dl class="field-list simple">725<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>726<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>distance</strong> – a number (integer or float)</p>727</dd>728</dl>729<p>Move the turtle forward by the specified <em>distance</em>, in the direction the730turtle is headed.</p>731<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>732<span class="go">(0.00,0.00)</span>733<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">25</span><span class="p">)</span>734<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>735<span class="go">(25.00,0.00)</span>736<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">75</span><span class="p">)</span>737<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>738<span class="go">(-50.00,0.00)</span>739</pre></div>740</div>741</dd></dl>742 743<dl class="py function">744<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.back">745<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">back</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">distance</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.back" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>746<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.bk">747<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">bk</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">distance</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.bk" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>748<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.backward">749<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">backward</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">distance</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.backward" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>750<dd><dl class="field-list simple">751<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>752<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>distance</strong> – a number</p>753</dd>754</dl>755<p>Move the turtle backward by <em>distance</em>, opposite to the direction the756turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle’s heading.</p>757<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>758<span class="go">(0.00,0.00)</span>759<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">backward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">)</span>760<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>761<span class="go">(-30.00,0.00)</span>762</pre></div>763</div>764</dd></dl>765 766<dl class="py function">767<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.right">768<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">right</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">angle</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.right" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>769<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.rt">770<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">rt</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">angle</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.rt" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>771<dd><dl class="field-list simple">772<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>773<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>angle</strong> – a number (integer or float)</p>774</dd>775</dl>776<p>Turn turtle right by <em>angle</em> units. (Units are by default degrees, but777can be set via the <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.degrees" title="turtle.degrees"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">degrees()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.radians" title="turtle.radians"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">radians()</span></code></a> functions.) Angle778orientation depends on the turtle mode, see <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mode" title="turtle.mode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mode()</span></code></a>.</p>779<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>780<span class="go">22.0</span>781<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">45</span><span class="p">)</span>782<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>783<span class="go">337.0</span>784</pre></div>785</div>786</dd></dl>787 788<dl class="py function">789<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.left">790<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">left</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">angle</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.left" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>791<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.lt">792<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">lt</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">angle</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.lt" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>793<dd><dl class="field-list simple">794<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>795<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>angle</strong> – a number (integer or float)</p>796</dd>797</dl>798<p>Turn turtle left by <em>angle</em> units. (Units are by default degrees, but799can be set via the <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.degrees" title="turtle.degrees"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">degrees()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.radians" title="turtle.radians"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">radians()</span></code></a> functions.) Angle800orientation depends on the turtle mode, see <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mode" title="turtle.mode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mode()</span></code></a>.</p>801<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>802<span class="go">22.0</span>803<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">45</span><span class="p">)</span>804<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>805<span class="go">67.0</span>806</pre></div>807</div>808</dd></dl>809 810<dl class="py function">811<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.goto">812<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">goto</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.goto" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>813<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.setpos">814<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">setpos</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.setpos" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>815<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.setposition">816<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">setposition</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.setposition" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>817<dd><dl class="field-list simple">818<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>819<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">820<li><p><strong>x</strong> – a number or a pair/vector of numbers</p></li>821<li><p><strong>y</strong> – a number or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p></li>822</ul>823</dd>824</dl>825<p>If <em>y</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, <em>x</em> must be a pair of coordinates or a <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Vec2D" title="turtle.Vec2D"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Vec2D</span></code></a>826(e.g. as returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pos" title="turtle.pos"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pos()</span></code></a>).</p>827<p>Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down, draw line. Do828not change the turtle’s orientation.</p>829<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">tp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>830<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">tp</span>831<span class="go">(0.00,0.00)</span>832<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setpos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">)</span>833<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>834<span class="go">(60.00,30.00)</span>835<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setpos</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">))</span>836<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>837<span class="go">(20.00,80.00)</span>838<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setpos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tp</span><span class="p">)</span>839<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>840<span class="go">(0.00,0.00)</span>841</pre></div>842</div>843</dd></dl>844 845<dl class="py function">846<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.teleport">847<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">teleport</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fill_gap</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.teleport" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>848<dd><dl class="field-list simple">849<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>850<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">851<li><p><strong>x</strong> – a number or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p></li>852<li><p><strong>y</strong> – a number or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p></li>853<li><p><strong>fill_gap</strong> – a boolean</p></li>854</ul>855</dd>856</dl>857<p>Move turtle to an absolute position. Unlike goto(x, y), a line will not858be drawn. The turtle’s orientation does not change. If currently859filling, the polygon(s) teleported from will be filled after leaving,860and filling will begin again after teleporting. This can be disabled861with fill_gap=True, which makes the imaginary line traveled during862teleporting act as a fill barrier like in goto(x, y).</p>863<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">tp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>864<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">tp</span>865<span class="go">(0.00,0.00)</span>866<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">teleport</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">)</span>867<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>868<span class="go">(60.00,0.00)</span>869<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">teleport</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>870<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>871<span class="go">(60.00,10.00)</span>872<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">teleport</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">)</span>873<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>874<span class="go">(20.00,30.00)</span>875</pre></div>876</div>877<div class="versionadded">878<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.12.</span></p>879</div>880</dd></dl>881 882<dl class="py function">883<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.setx">884<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">setx</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.setx" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>885<dd><dl class="field-list simple">886<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>887<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>x</strong> – a number (integer or float)</p>888</dd>889</dl>890<p>Set the turtle’s first coordinate to <em>x</em>, leave second coordinate891unchanged.</p>892<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>893<span class="go">(0.00,240.00)</span>894<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setx</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>895<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>896<span class="go">(10.00,240.00)</span>897</pre></div>898</div>899</dd></dl>900 901<dl class="py function">902<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.sety">903<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">sety</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.sety" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>904<dd><dl class="field-list simple">905<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>906<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>y</strong> – a number (integer or float)</p>907</dd>908</dl>909<p>Set the turtle’s second coordinate to <em>y</em>, leave first coordinate unchanged.</p>910<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>911<span class="go">(0.00,40.00)</span>912<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sety</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>913<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>914<span class="go">(0.00,-10.00)</span>915</pre></div>916</div>917</dd></dl>918 919<dl class="py function">920<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.setheading">921<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">setheading</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">to_angle</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.setheading" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>922<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.seth">923<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">seth</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">to_angle</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.seth" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>924<dd><dl class="field-list simple">925<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>926<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>to_angle</strong> – a number (integer or float)</p>927</dd>928</dl>929<p>Set the orientation of the turtle to <em>to_angle</em>. Here are some common930directions in degrees:</p>931<table class="docutils align-default">932<thead>933<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>standard mode</p></th>934<th class="head"><p>logo mode</p></th>935</tr>936</thead>937<tbody>938<tr class="row-even"><td><p>0 - east</p></td>939<td><p>0 - north</p></td>940</tr>941<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>90 - north</p></td>942<td><p>90 - east</p></td>943</tr>944<tr class="row-even"><td><p>180 - west</p></td>945<td><p>180 - south</p></td>946</tr>947<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>270 - south</p></td>948<td><p>270 - west</p></td>949</tr>950</tbody>951</table>952<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setheading</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">90</span><span class="p">)</span>953<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>954<span class="go">90.0</span>955</pre></div>956</div>957</dd></dl>958 959<dl class="py function">960<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.home">961<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">home</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.home" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>962<dd><p>Move turtle to the origin – coordinates (0,0) – and set its heading to963its start-orientation (which depends on the mode, see <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mode" title="turtle.mode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mode()</span></code></a>).</p>964<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>965<span class="go">90.0</span>966<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>967<span class="go">(0.00,-10.00)</span>968<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">()</span>969<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>970<span class="go">(0.00,0.00)</span>971<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>972<span class="go">0.0</span>973</pre></div>974</div>975</dd></dl>976 977<dl class="py function">978<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.circle">979<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">circle</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">radius</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">extent</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">steps</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.circle" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>980<dd><dl class="field-list simple">981<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>982<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">983<li><p><strong>radius</strong> – a number</p></li>984<li><p><strong>extent</strong> – a number (or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>)</p></li>985<li><p><strong>steps</strong> – an integer (or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>)</p></li>986</ul>987</dd>988</dl>989<p>Draw a circle with given <em>radius</em>. The center is <em>radius</em> units left of990the turtle; <em>extent</em> – an angle – determines which part of the circle991is drawn. If <em>extent</em> is not given, draw the entire circle. If <em>extent</em>992is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the current pen993position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction if <em>radius</em> is994positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally the direction of the995turtle is changed by the amount of <em>extent</em>.</p>996<p>As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon, <em>steps</em>997determines the number of steps to use. If not given, it will be998calculated automatically. May be used to draw regular polygons.</p>999<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">()</span>1000<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>1001<span class="go">(0.00,0.00)</span>1002<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>1003<span class="go">0.0</span>1004<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">circle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>1005<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>1006<span class="go">(-0.00,0.00)</span>1007<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>1008<span class="go">0.0</span>1009<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">circle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">120</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">180</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># draw a semicircle</span>1010<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>1011<span class="go">(0.00,240.00)</span>1012<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>1013<span class="go">180.0</span>1014</pre></div>1015</div>1016</dd></dl>1017 1018<dl class="py function">1019<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.dot">1020<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">dot</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.dot" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>1021<dt class="sig sig-object py">1022<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">dot</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">size</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt>1023<dt class="sig sig-object py">1024<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">dot</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">color</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt>1025<dt class="sig sig-object py">1026<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">dot</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">size</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">color</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt>1027<dt class="sig sig-object py">1028<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">dot</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">size</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">r</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">g</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt>1029<dd><dl class="field-list simple">1030<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>1031<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">1032<li><p><strong>size</strong> – an integer >= 1 (if given)</p></li>1033<li><p><strong>color</strong> – a colorstring or a numeric color tuple</p></li>1034</ul>1035</dd>1036</dl>1037<p>Draw a circular dot with diameter <em>size</em>, using <em>color</em>. If <em>size</em> is1038not given, the maximum of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pensize+4</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2*pensize</span></code> is used.</p>1039<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">()</span>1040<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dot</span><span class="p">()</span>1041<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"blue"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>1042<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>1043<span class="go">(100.00,-0.00)</span>1044<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>1045<span class="go">0.0</span>1046</pre></div>1047</div>1048</dd></dl>1049 1050<dl class="py function">1051<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.stamp">1052<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">stamp</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.stamp" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>1053<dd><p>Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current turtle1054position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be used to delete1055it by calling <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clearstamp(stamp_id)</span></code>.</p>1056<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"blue"</span><span class="p">)</span>1057<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">stamp_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stamp</span><span class="p">()</span>1058<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>1059</pre></div>1060</div>1061</dd></dl>1062 1063<dl class="py function">1064<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.clearstamp">1065<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">clearstamp</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stampid</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.clearstamp" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>1066<dd><dl class="field-list simple">1067<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>1068<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>stampid</strong> – an integer, must be return value of previous1069<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.stamp" title="turtle.stamp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stamp()</span></code></a> call</p>1070</dd>1071</dl>1072<p>Delete stamp with given <em>stampid</em>.</p>1073<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>1074<span class="go">(150.00,-0.00)</span>1075<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"blue"</span><span class="p">)</span>1076<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">astamp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stamp</span><span class="p">()</span>1077<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>1078<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>1079<span class="go">(200.00,-0.00)</span>1080<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clearstamp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">astamp</span><span class="p">)</span>1081<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>1082<span class="go">(200.00,-0.00)</span>1083</pre></div>1084</div>1085</dd></dl>1086 1087<dl class="py function">1088<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.clearstamps">1089<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">clearstamps</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.clearstamps" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>1090<dd><dl class="field-list simple">1091<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>1092<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>n</strong> – an integer (or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>)</p>1093</dd>1094</dl>1095<p>Delete all or first/last <em>n</em> of turtle’s stamps. If <em>n</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, delete1096all stamps, if <em>n</em> > 0 delete first <em>n</em> stamps, else if <em>n</em> < 0 delete1097last <em>n</em> stamps.</p>1098<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">):</span>1099<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">unused_stamp_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stamp</span><span class="p">()</span>1100<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">)</span>1101<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clearstamps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>1102<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clearstamps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>1103<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clearstamps</span><span class="p">()</span>1104</pre></div>1105</div>1106</dd></dl>1107 1108<dl class="py function">1109<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.undo">1110<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">undo</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.undo" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>1111<dd><p>Undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action(s). Number of available1112undo actions is determined by the size of the undobuffer.</p>1113<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">):</span>1114<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span>1115<span class="gp">...</span>1116<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">):</span>1117<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">undo</span><span class="p">()</span>1118</pre></div>1119</div>1120</dd></dl>1121 1122<dl class="py function">1123<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.speed">1124<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">speed</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">speed</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.speed" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>1125<dd><dl class="field-list simple">1126<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>1127<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>speed</strong> – an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below)</p>1128</dd>1129</dl>1130<p>Set the turtle’s speed to an integer value in the range 0..10. If no1131argument is given, return current speed.</p>1132<p>If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5, speed is set1133to 0. Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues as follows:</p>1134<ul class="simple">1135<li><p>“fastest”: 0</p></li>1136<li><p>“fast”: 10</p></li>1137<li><p>“normal”: 6</p></li>1138<li><p>“slow”: 3</p></li>1139<li><p>“slowest”: 1</p></li>1140</ul>1141<p>Speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of line drawing1142and turtle turning.</p>1143<p>Attention: <em>speed</em> = 0 means that <em>no</em> animation takes1144place. forward/back makes turtle jump and likewise left/right make the1145turtle turn instantly.</p>1146<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">speed</span><span class="p">()</span>1147<span class="go">3</span>1148<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">speed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'normal'</span><span class="p">)</span>1149<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">speed</span><span class="p">()</span>1150<span class="go">6</span>1151<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">speed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span>1152<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">speed</span><span class="p">()</span>1153<span class="go">9</span>1154</pre></div>1155</div>1156</dd></dl>1157 1158</section>1159<section id="tell-turtle-s-state">1160<h3>Tell Turtle’s state<a class="headerlink" href="#tell-turtle-s-state" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>1161<dl class="py function">1162<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.position">1163<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">position</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.position" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>1164<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.pos">1165<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">pos</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.pos" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>1166<dd><p>Return the turtle’s current location (x,y) (as a <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Vec2D" title="turtle.Vec2D"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Vec2D</span></code></a> vector).</p>1167<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>1168<span class="go">(440.00,-0.00)</span>1169</pre></div>1170</div>1171</dd></dl>1172 1173<dl class="py function">1174<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.towards">1175<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">towards</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.towards" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>1176<dd><dl class="field-list simple">1177<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>1178<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">1179<li><p><strong>x</strong> – a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance</p></li>1180<li><p><strong>y</strong> – a number if <em>x</em> is a number, else <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p></li>1181</ul>1182</dd>1183</dl>1184<p>Return the angle between the line from turtle position to position specified1185by (x,y), the vector or the other turtle. This depends on the turtle’s start1186orientation which depends on the mode - “standard”/”world” or “logo”.</p>1187<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">goto</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>1188<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">towards</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>1189<span class="go">225.0</span>1190</pre></div>1191</div>1192</dd></dl>1193 1194<dl class="py function">1195<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.xcor">1196<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">xcor</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.xcor" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>1197<dd><p>Return the turtle’s x coordinate.</p>1198<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">()</span>1199<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>1200<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>